To prepare peace treaties with the defeated countries, it was decided to convene a peace conference. France succeeded in holding it in his capital.
January 18, 1919 Paris Peace Conference was opened by the Prime Minister of France Zh.Klemanso. As it was attended by 27 countries, but the dominant role played by France (Zh.Klemanso), United Kingdom (D.Lloyd George) and the USA (Wilson). The conference was not invited representatives of the defeated countries and Russia, which fought a civil war.
Key issues at the conference dealt with the narrow meetings: first, the "Council of nine", and since March 1919 - the "Council of Four".
Treaty of Versailles
In April, was developed into treaty with Germany. Her delegation was summoned to Paris for its service. Attempts to German diplomats make at least some changes to this document rejected, and June 28, 1919 in Versailles signed a peace which was the basis of the postwar settlement. The text of the treaty at the insistence Wilson was placed Charter of the League of Nations (the text of the statute embraces in agreement with the Allies and Germany).
Under the contract of France returned her land - Alsace Lotarynґiya and passed Saar coal mines, however the area for 15 years and passed under the control of the League of Nations. Germany passed Poznan Poland, part of Upper Silesia, Pomerania and parts of East Prussia, which is separated from the territory of Germany Polish (Dantsyzkyy) corridor than opened on the Baltic Sea in Poland. Belgium received Eupen districts, Malmedy and fumed after the plebiscite, Denmark - northern Schleswig; Memel (Klaipeda) passed under the jurisdiction of the states victorious (1923 annexed to Lithuania) and Dantsyґ (Gdansk) was declared a free city under the protection of the League of Nations.
Under the Treaty of Versailles Germany lost 1/7 of its territory. She completely lost colony - they divided among the victorious powers. It was forbidden to keep the army more than 100 thousand. Soldiers, have air and submarine fleet, liquidated General Staff, abolished universal conscription. Assumed 15-year occupation of the Allied troops left bank of the Rhine and the demilitarization of the 50-kilometer stretch on its right bank.
By decision of the special commission of Germany had to pay reparations. Their total amount was determined by a special conference of 1921 in the amount of 132 billion gold marks, of which 52% should get France, 22% - United Kingdom and 10 percent - Italy.
The formation of the League of Nations
The Paris Peace Conference adopted a special commission produced the League of Nations Charter, which became part of the Versailles and other treaties.
The main body of this international organization have annual Assembly, which included all members of the organization, and the Council of the League, where they represented the United States, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and five non-permanent members. Decisions on all matters had imposed unanimously. Defeated in the war state and Soviet Russia were not part of the League of Nations. League proclaimed the development of cooperation among nations and guarantee the security of the postwar world. US Senate reading the terms Versalskoho peace treaty and, therefore, the Charter of the League of Nations rejected it, and the US, being the initiator of this international organization are not logged in.
LW General Assembly acted as the International Parliament and had the right to decide on all international political issues, including measures to preserve peace.
By LW owned two management areas: Saarland and the city Dantsyґ. The colonial possessions of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were transferred mandated LF England, France, Belgium and Japan.
The Statute entered into force FN 10 January 1920 16 January in Paris was the first meeting of LF and 15 November in Geneva (which became permanent seat of the headquarters of the organization), the first session of the Assembly.
Saint-Germain peace treaty
September 10, 1919 was signed by Saint-Germain peace treaty with Austria, which recorded the recognition of the new state borders, formed after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
Former Austrian possession - Province of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Italy won the Southern Tyrol, Julian extreme, almost all of Istria, but the city of Fiume (Rijeka). Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dalmatia, extreme, Slovenia. Romania received Bukovina, and Poland invaded Galicia.
Austria was allowed to have 30-strong army. Austria also had to pay reparations, although the amount has not been defined. She was not allowed to join Germany.
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
November 27, 1919 in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine signed a peace treaty with Bulgaria. She lost western Thrace, which passed Greece, and deprived of access to the Aegean Sea. South Dobrogea remained a part of Romania. Part of Macedonia were transferred Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Bulgaria forbidden to keep the army more than 20 thousand. Soldiers. The amount of reparations was determined to 2.25 billion gold francs that they had to pay for 37 years.
Trianon Peace Treaty
The peace treaty with Hungary was named Trianon. It was signed only 4 June 1920 This was due to the existence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. In Hungary the contract was reduced by 77% and the population - 59%. Romania received Transylvania and Banat, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes - Vojvodina and Croatia. Hungary lost access to the Adriatic Sea. Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine passed a part of Czechoslovakia. Hungary renounced all rights to the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, including the Transcarpathian Ukraine.
Hungary also passed Burgenland Austria (border area inhabited by German population).
Prohibited universal conscription, the army was limited to 35 thousand. Soldiers. Between the victors Hungary paid reparations.
Treaty of Sèvres
August 10, 1920 Sultan Turkish Government signed the Treaty of Sèvres, on which there was division of the former Ottoman Empire. Turkey refused to Arab lands, recognized the British protectorate over Egypt, and the French - over Morocco and Tunisia. Turkey has been denied the right to Sudan recognized the annexation of Cyprus, lost possession on the Arabian Peninsula and in Europe. The islands of the Aegean Sea and Izmir passed Greece. The army was limited to 50 thousand. Soldiers. Throughout the country remained surrender mode, which effectively meant the transformation of Turkey into a semi-colony.
Lausanne Peace Treaty and agreement with Soviet Russia Turkey
Sevres treaty never came into force. Due to the national liberation movement, Turkey has managed to protect its sovereignty and regain some areas. According to the agreement with Soviet Russia (1921) Turkey won the city of Kars and the surrounding area.
For solving the range of problems around Turkey and the Black Sea Straits convened an international conference in the Swiss city of Lausanne November 20, 1922 and continued intermittently until July 24, 1923 The conference was attended by representatives from Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the Kingdom of the C x C., Turkey and the Soviet republics (Russia, Ukraine, Georgia) and Bulgaria.
During the conference adopted the Convention on the treatment of the Black Sea Straits, which was based on the principle of free passage of ships, both military and civilian, under any flag.
July 24, 1923 signed the Treaty of Lausanne, for which legally was assigned to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and defined new borders of Turkey. In Turkey back territory that had previously been transferred to Greece. Subsequently France ceded part of Syria in favor of Turkey.
In the 20's. Arab possessions of the Ottoman Empire were transferred to the League of Nations mandated Great Britain (Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine) and France (Syria, Lebanon).
The signing of peace treaties with Germany and its allies during the first World War, did not calm down the raging war and revolution Europe. Armed conflicts, revolutions, riots, political crisis continued to shake the continent of Europe have for several years.
The main root cause of acute political struggle and confrontation was in the development of Versailles, which was the first attempt in history to achieve a harmony of interests of individual states and the entire international community, but was unfair, particularly in relation to the defeated countries.
Also new European borders, carried on the map after prolonged diplomatic bargaining, do not always take into account the will of the peoples of the areas that were subject to the territorial redistribution. Particularly evident discrepancy of frontiers and boundaries reflects ethnic settlement map "The people of Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period." In 1923, most interstate conflicts connected with the territorial issue was rozv`yazano, some postponed for the future. So, Italy lead Fiume solved the problem. I went to the armed conflict with Greece for the island of Corfu, but this time to no avail (1923). Poland, by any means, managed to achieve the accession of Silesia Vilna region, and by the Riga Peace 1921 . of the Soviet republics - Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. In 1923 the new eastern border of Poland was voted the Entente. remained unresolved dispute between the Soviet Republic and Romania regarding Bessarabia.
Instability of the situation added new attempts leaders of the Comintern and Soviet Russia to foment world revolution in Europe after the defeat of the socialist revolutions in Germany, Hungary and Slovakia in 1919 Thus, during the Soviet-Polish War of 1920-1921. The Red Army wanted to bring their bayonets revolution Europe. But better armed Polish army managed to stop the "red invasion." The next attempt took place in 1923, when Bulgaria, Poland and Germany were also organized armed intervention, led by the Communist Party. But these uprisings were brutally suppressed by government troops, the Communist Party was police harassment and lost for a long time a large number of their supporters.
War and post-war instability had a great influence on the political situation in Europe, even those who escaped the revolution. In England the situation was stabilized by broad social reforms. In France, the tension failed to translate into a state of waiting time when Germany to pay reparations. In Spain established authoritarian regime of Primo de Rivera (stimulated by the defeat of the Spanish army in the war with the Republic of IF in Morocco). The postwar turmoil in Italy, which was called "losers among the winners" have resulted in "red biennium" (1920-1921 gg.), When the workers took power in factories, driving owners. Italy fell into chaos, the government was in complete inactivity. In such circumstances, the ruling elite scared "red danger" appointed Prime Minister of Italy leader B. Mussolini fascist movement. October 30, 1922, he led troops entered the Blackshirts of Rome. Mussolini began to actively fascist country and transform Italy into a powerful Mediterranean empire.
In the early 20's in the leading countries of the Allied forces came to power who did not want to place the responsibility for the injustice of Versailles, at the same time trying to improve it. As a result, in the 20's. A series of measures to remedy the shortcomings of the postwar arrangement in Europe.
One of the weaknesses of the new system is the removal from it of. An attempt to isolate Russia through commitment of its leaders to the idea of world revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat was not successful, but has made a destructive element in international relations. In the early 20's. It became clear that the Bolsheviks entrenched in power and plans for world revolution - not feasible. In 1922 the Russian delegation was invited to the Genoa conference on search of "economic recovery in Central and Eastern Europe," where, among other issues, an attempt was made to develop common conditions for normalization of relations with Soviet Russia and other Soviet republics. But problems paying debts royal party were unable to overcome. Entente countries billed at a rate of 18 billion rubles. In response to Soviet Russia demanded that she pay 39 billion rubles. for damages intervention of the Entente. In addition, a delegation of Soviet Russia flatly refused to pay the debts of the Provisional Government.
Appearing at a conference in critical condition, April 16, 1922, Soviet Russia and Germany in the town of Rapallo signed an agreement on the restoration of diplomatic relations in full and to waive any claims. This agreement started a long and fruitful cooperation between Russia and Germany in economic, political and military spheres. Under this treaty, Russia forgave Germany its debt -10,000,000,000 rubles. The agreement was a breakthrough on the diplomatic front that brought Russia and Germany from international isolation. Treaty of Rapallo created a fundamentally new situation in Europe. Two "offended" state entered into an agreement, effectively jeopardizing the winners is produced postwar security system. The one that saved the Versailles system was that Germany remained weak peace, and Russia - revolution and protracted civil war.
Since 1924 rolled a wave of diplomatic recognitions from other Western countries, who were concerned about the possibility of creating a strong Soviet-German antyversalskoho block. Exceptions were only the United States. However, the relationship between the West and the Soviet Union were unequal. The Soviet Union tried to remove from the solution of European Affairs, isolate it, to create a country that had a common border with it, "sanitary zone". This led to the distrust of the Soviet leadership in the West and contributed to an ever closer rapprochement with Germany and Turkey.
It was then accelerated solution of problems connected with the fulfillment of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany's return to the world community as a full member.
The most acute left the question of reparations. Established in 1921 amount (123 billion marks) was beyond the power of Germany. France also demanded full payment and to make Germany before, together with Belgium occupied the Ruhr region, where heavy industry was concentrated in Germany (1923).
An international crisis. In order to solve the difficult situation in London in 1924 convened an international conference, which was adopted a plan developed by the Commission of Experts led by American banker Dawes. According to the plan envisaged the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr and Germany zobov`yazuvalasya in the next 4 years to pay 1-1,75 billion. Marks a year, and in subsequent years - 2 billion. During the 6 years of this plan, Germany has paid 7 5 billion marks. The plan was to provide Germany British and American loans in the amount of $ 2 billion. How to guarantee the plan is established allied control of the railways and the State Bank of Germany. The plan Dawes contributed to the restoration of the German economy, but put it in dependence on the US.
In 1929 a new plan was adopted by an American businessman and banker Jung, followed by reparations volume decreased to 113.9 billion marks, and annual payments were set at a rate of 2.5 billion marks. Payments are spread over 55 years. Under the plan, all kinds of control over Germany and its economy and finances canceled. To obtain reparations and their distribution was established Bank for International Settlements. The bank played a leading role in financing the leading sectors of the German economy and helped further pryv`yazuvannyu Germany's economy in the United States.