Creating a national Turkish state

The defeat in World War I led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. England and France, rozchlenuvavshy Arab possessions of the Ottoman Empire, tried to do it with its own Turkish regions. Countries Allied control of the Straits, the French invaded Cilicia, British - Istanbul, Italy and Greece landed its troops in Asia Minor.

In response to Turkey was a movement for the preservation of integrity as a nation state. It was headed by General Mustafa Kemal. In the unoccupied part of Turkey in Ankara was called Grand National Assembly - the Majlis, who formed the government and army began forming.

Meanwhile, the puppet government of Sultan August 10, 1920 signed with the Entente Treaty of Sèvres, which recognized the division of the country. Turkey lost all possessions in the Middle East. Greece passed a part of European possessions and Izmir city in Asia Minor. On the eastern border of Turkey was formed Armenian state. On the territory of the Turkish regime introduced surrender, which effectively turned it into a semi-colony. Government Kemal rejected a contract. Then the support of the Greek forces in England began to attack inland.

In the fight against the Entente, Turkey has found an ally in the face of Soviet Russia. In March 1921 the two countries signed a treaty of friendship and brotherhood under the contract was determined the Soviet-Turkish border. Turkey gained territory in the Caucasus, which formerly belonged to Russia (Kara region), and Armenia, which in a way was divided and destroyed. Turkey has received financial and military aid from the RSFSR.

In October of the same year, a similar agreement was signed with the Soviet republics of the Caucasus, and in January 1922 signed a contract with the USSR, the delegation headed by M. Frunze. Last M.Kemalyu helped develop a plan for the defeat of the Greek armies.

In 1922 Turkish troops won the war. Entente was forced to sign a truce with the government of Kemal and thus recognize it. Position Sevres Treaty was revised. In the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne was signed, under which maintained the territorial integrity of the country as a nation state.

Foreign policy has led to the stabilization of domestic reform. Turkey became a republic (1923). Islam is separated from the state, abolished the Caliphate (1924) introduced the Latin alphabet. All the Turks were obliged to take a surname. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk took the family name - father of the Turks. The country has banned polygamy, civil marriage was required. The government started to support the national industry, with a focus on developing importzaminnyh industries. After the crisis of the 30's. The country introduced elements of economic planning and created the public sector.

Until the death of Atatürk in 1938, Turkey has been quite strong state. Ataturk was a model for nationalists Middle East and Central Asia.

Arab World

During the First World War, the British supported Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire. Important role in its organization played one of the most famous British spy, Thomas Edward Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"). The Arabs were in favor of creating their own state. But to realize this desire was not to. After the war the Arab lands that were part of the Ottoman Empire was divided France and England. France invaded Lebanon and Syria, Britain established control over Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan. But in 1922 under pressure from the powerful national liberation movement in England was forced to grant independence to Egypt, but retaining its military presence in the country and control of the Suez Canal . Arab leaders, with a clear example of Egypt, trying to get rid of a new uprising by the Europeans. However antyanhliyske revolt in Palestine in 1922 and the anti-French uprising in Syria in 1925-1926. were brutally suppressed.

Only the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula, led by Ibn Saud managed to create a state which later became known as Saudi Arabia (1932). In 1932 Britain was forced to recognize the independence of Iraq.

The UK has launched the resettlement of Jews in Palestine to create their national focus, leading to a confrontation with the local Arabs displaced. Thus, held the classical imperial policy of "divide and rule".

The first unsuccessful attempt to create a unified Arab state gave Arab nationalism and anti-French antyanhliyskoyi orientation. As a result, in the 30's., Especially during the Second World War in this region increased influence of Germany and Italy.

The Palestinian problem

The idea of ​​creating a national center of Jewish proposed Austrian journalist Theodor Herzl in the middle of the nineteenth century. The Congress of the Zionist movement in Basel (Switzerland) in 1897, this idea received justification. It was decided to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. In the area of ​​25 thousand. Km2 expected to relocate 10 million Jews worldwide. At first Zionists offered to the Turkish Sultan, under whom Palestine was to sell this territory, but he refused. Nevertheless, the Jews began to emigrate illegally to Palestine, where she created closed communities which were subsistence farming.

During World War II, Sultan resorted to expulsion of the Jewish population, accusing him of attachment to the Entente. At the final stage of the war in 1917 Britain and France declared Balfour Declaration, which dealt with the return of the Jews to their historic homeland and the right to establish a national center in Palestine. This declaration has launched a new wave of migration.

In Palestine started to Jewish political and military organization. In 1922 Britain received the League of Nations mandate to govern Palestine. This immediately provoked an uprising against the British Arabs and Jews. At that time, Jews constituted 18% of the Palestinian population. Rebellion crushed, but the tension in the relations between the Arab and Jewish communities and the colonial administration remained.

By the late 30's. England helped displaced Jews. When the ratio of Jewish and Arab population was threatening the stability of the British colonial empire, Britain banned the relocation. In the 1936-1939 biennium. Between Arabs and Jews there was a real war, while Arab and Jewish militias and fought against the British. However, in Jewish political circles have firmly established the idea of ​​the founding of the state. In Palestine, the Jewish created "shadow" political structures - the government, local authorities, armed groups. Under favorable conditions they had to declare state of Israel.

Arabs strongly opposed the creation of a Jewish state, which strengthened inter-ethnic fighting in Palestine, which continues to date.

Iran in the interwar period

The First World War and Revolution in Iran affected. Trying to prevent the rise of the national liberation movement and its spread to India, in 1918 the British began the occupation of Iran, invaded Baku (Azerbaijan) and Central Asia. Their goal was to completely subjugate Iran and turn it into a staging ground for armed intervention against Soviet Russia.

In Tehran, created proanhliyskyy government headed by Vosuhom units Dome. Breaking the constitution, without the knowledge of the Majlis, he signed the Anglo-Iranian agreement that gave control of the British Advisory and Iranian army, finance, road construction, foreign trade and other areas of social and economic life.

The British resorted to immediately implement this agreement. Iranian Finance conquered British adviser E.Smitu. British officers and instructors sway in the Iranian army. Anglo-Iranian Customs Convention included low rates for British goods and prohibited trade with Soviet Russia. With the country exported grain, leading to higher food prices.

Strict control over established social, political and economic life of the country. Any actions against the concluded agreements suppressed by force.

The occupation caused a reaction. Especially, it is widely deployed in the north. April 7, 1920 in Tabriz (Iranian Azerbaijan) rebellion broke out against the shah and the British government, which is led by the leader of the Azerbaijani autonomists Sheikh Hiabani. He opposed the Anglo-Iranian bonded agreements required the strengthening of national independence, the declaration of the Republic of Iran, democratic reform and autonomy for Azerbaijan. The rebels seized power in Tabriz and other cities and regions of Iranian Azerbaijan. In September 1920 the British and the Shah's troops crushed the uprising. Sheikh Hiabani and many of his supporters shot.

In another northern province of Iran - Gilan June 5, 1920 was declared a republic and Hilyansku provisional revolutionary government headed by Tunb Khan. It includes representatives of various political movements and social groups - landowners, nationalists, democrats, communists. Conflicts between members of the government, and thus between the political forces they represent, resulted in an internal weakness of the republic. The Prime Minister Tunb Khan rejected the agrarian reform, which pushed the Communists and members of national minorities, including the Kurds.

Proanhliyska policy was defeated, and the Government Vosuha units Dome resigned.

Shah was unable to give an elementary order in the country in the north to the authorities rushed communists kept the house in the south of the British population suffered from gangs of robbers, armed groups of nomads.

In such a situation, when the stake was the existence of the state, the son of a peasant, an officer of the Persian Cossack Reza Khan led a campaign chotyrytysyachnoho detachment of Cossacks on the capital. In fact, it was a coup. In February 1921 at the request of the rebels established a new government in which Reza Khan was appointed Minister of War. Three months later he was removed from power, Prime Minister and expelled him from the country. All power in the hands of Reza Khan, behind which was given to him Cossack Division.

Reza Khan made a sharp turn in the country's foreign policy, was abolished political dependence on the United Kingdom, and British troops came from Iran. Simultaneously been established relations with Soviet Russia (agreement in 1921).

Reza Khan brutally cracked down on the rebels and brought order to the country. Shah in this situation has become a symbolic figure.

In 1925 the Majlis under the pressure of military appointed Reza Khan, the supreme commander of unlimited powers. Majlis has decided to abdicate Kadzharskoyi dynasty and the temporary transfer of power Reza Khan and the convening of a Constituent Assembly which had to determine the form of government in Iran. December 12, 1925 supporters of the elected Constituent Assembly declared the Prime Minister Reza Khan hereditary Shah of Iran under the name Reza Shah Pahlavi. Iran has established a new dynasty.

Events in Iran 1919-1922 biennium. Can be estimated as a national revolution, whose main objective was the elimination of semi-colonial dependence, preserving the unity of the country and holding her modernization.

Reza Shah, drawing on the experience of Turkey and US advisors began reforms aimed at modernizing the country. Financial reforms provided the profits from oil sales. The basis of economic independence of the country was to be industrialization.

In the 20-30's. Iran conducted some reforms in the fields of culture and way of life; established secular schools, a small number of female schools, open universities in Tehran and Agricultural Institute in Karaj. In 1935 a decree was issued on mandatory removal of the veil, introduced European dress, lush feudal titles replaced by names. The influence of the clergy in the political life of the country was limited, there were reform of the calendar - instead it became the official monthly solar calendar, the Gregorian calendar was introduced.

At the same time suppressed any opposition speeches, peasant revolt.

In foreign policy, in the 30's. Reza Shah went to the rapprochement with Germany, trying to find it opposed the Soviet Union and Great Britain.

In 1937 Iran signed an anti-Soviet pact Sadabadskyy; 1938 refused to conclude a new trade agreement with the Soviet Union, which led to an almost complete cessation of Soviet-Iranian trade, which amounted to almost 40% of Iran's foreign trade turnover. Iran as a base to carry out their aggressive plans sought to use Germany.

Italo-Ethiopian war (1935-1936 gg.)

By the early twentieth century. in Africa were only two independent countries - Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia zasnovaly former American slaves who decided to return to their historical homeland. Ethiopia was also one of the oldest Christian countries. At its head was the emperor. In the late nineteenth century. Ethiopia defended its independence in a war with Italy in 1920 joining the League of Nations and became a full member of screen-mesh community.

In the mid-30s over the country again faces the risk of loss of independence. Italian fascists, trying to prove the greatness of Italy, tried to create a colonial empire. The conquest of Ethiopia and the unification of all Italian possessions in the Horn of Africa was to be the beginning of the implementation of these ambitious plans.

Enlisting the silent consent of Britain and France, being backed by Germany ("Pact of Four", 1934), Italy began to prepare for war. In Eritrea and Italian Somalia were transferred 500,000th army armed with tanks, guns and aircraft. The Emperor of Ethiopia Haile reformer Selassie I tried to enlist the support of the European powers, but in vain. October 3, 1935 the Italian army invaded Ethiopia. However, the developments going not in such a scenario, as expected in Rome. The people of Ethiopia have made stubborn resistance to the aggressors, and modern weapons imperial 10 -tysyachna Guard inflicted serious losses aggressor. Aggression Italy condemned the League of Nations and announced economic sanctions. These measures proved ineffective. US and UK declared neutrality and refused to supply weapons to Ethiopia. Proceedings war was resolved numerical and technical superiority of the aggressor. Italy even applied against the Ethiopians prohibited chemical weapons. In the decisive battle of March 31, 1936 the Imperial Guard suffered complete defeat. Italian troops May 5, 1936 entered in Addis Ababa, the emperor and his family had to emigrate. In Rome, announced the establishment of a new colony - Italian East Africa. However yefiopy not lay down their arms, deploying a guerrilla war that ended with the liberation of the country with the help of the British in the 1941 war and occupation costly Ethiopian people, 400 thousand people were killed and 300 thousand. Died of starvation and disease, 35 thousand. Were tortured in concentration camps.